坡面含沙水流水动力学特性研究进展   总被引：22，自引：0，他引：22  

罗榕婷  张光辉  曹颖 《地理科学进展》2009,28(4):567-574

坡面流是坡面侵蚀的主要动力之一,具有独特的水动力学特性。本文对坡面含沙水流的流态、阻力系数、流速的测量与计算、径流能量以及含沙量对以上参数的影响进行了系统深入的论述。表征坡面流流态的参数有雷诺数与弗汝德数,雷诺数研究的分歧点一般存在于对其“层流”的界定上,降雨扰动是造成其流态特殊性的主要原因,一般认为裸土上的清水坡面流弗汝德数大于1,较少的研究含沙水流流态的资料表明,目前对含沙水流雷诺数的观点不一,但多数学者认为含沙水流属于缓流范畴;不同坡面试验所获得的阻力系数值不同,影响阻力系数的因素有雷诺数、水深、弗汝德数、含沙量等,在含沙水流中,阻力系数与雷诺数、水深的关系复杂,与弗汝德数呈负相关,随含沙量的增加而增大;测量坡面流流速的方法很多,各自存在优缺点,精密仪器暂不适合量测含沙水流,用染色剂法测量坡面含沙水流的流速具有一定的可行性,常采用坡度、流量的幂函数计算坡面流流速,一般认为流速与含沙量呈反比;能量是坡面流水动力学特性的综合体现,一般认为随着含沙量的增加,坡面流能量消耗呈增加趋势。在此基础上提出了目前研究中存在的不足之处,为分析坡面侵蚀机理、完善坡面侵蚀模型提供理论依据。  相似文献   

Controls on knickpoint migration in a drainage network of the moderately uplifted Ardennes Plateau,Western Europe          下载免费PDF全文

A. Beckers  B. Bovy  E. Hallot  A. Demoulin 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2015,40(3):357-374

Much research has been devoted to the development of numerical models of river incision. In settings where bedrock channel erosion prevails, numerous studies have used field data to calibrate the widely acknowledged stream power model of incision and to discuss the impact of variables that do not appear explicitly in the model's simplest form. However, most studies have been conducted in areas of active tectonics, displaying a clear geomorphic response to the tectonic signal. Here, we analyze the traces left in the drainage network 0.7 My after the Ardennes region (western Europe) underwent a moderate 100–150 m uplift. We identify a set of knickpoints that have traveled far upstream in the Ourthe catchment, following this tectonic perturbation. Using a misfit function based on time residuals, our best fit of the stream power model parameters yields m = 0.75 and K = 4.63 × 10^‐8 m^‐0.5y^‐1. Linear regression of the model time residuals against quantitative expressions of bedrock resistance to erosion shows that this variable does not correlate significantly with the residuals. By contrast, proxies for position in the drainage system prove to be able to explain 76% of the residual variance. High time residuals correlate with knickpoint position in small tributaries located in the downstream part of the Ourthe catchment, where some threshold was reached very early in the catchment's incision history. Removing the knickpoints stopped at such thresholds from the data set, we calculate an improved m = 0.68 and derive a scaling exponent of channel width against drainage area of 0.32, consistent with the average value compiled by Lague for steady state incising bedrock rivers. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Considering river structure and stability in the light of evolution: feedbacks between riparian vegetation and hydrogeomorphology          下载免费PDF全文

Dov Corenblit  Neil S. Davies  Johannes Steiger  Martin R. Gibling  Gudrun Bornette 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2015,40(2):189-207

River ecological functioning can be conceptualized according to a four‐dimensional framework, based on the responses of aquatic and riparian communities to hydrogeomorphic constraints along the longitudinal, transverse, vertical and temporal dimensions of rivers. Contemporary riparian vegetation responds to river dynamics at ecological timescales, but riparian vegetation, in one form or another, has existed on Earth since at least the Middle Ordovician (c. 450 Ma) and has been a significant controlling factor on river geomorphology since the Late Silurian (c. 420 Ma). On such evolutionary timescales, plant adaptations to the fluvial environment and the subsequent effects of these adaptations on fluvial sediment and landform dynamics resulted in the emergence, from the Silurian to the Carboniferous, of a variety of contrasted fluvial biogeomorphic types where water flow, morphodynamics and vegetation interacted to different degrees. Here we identify several of these types and describe the consequences for biogeomorphic structure and stability (i.e. resistance and resilience), along the four river dimensions, of feedbacks between riparian plants and hydrogeomorphic processes on contrasting ecological and evolutionary timescales. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

A modified approach for semi-quantitative estimation of physical vulnerability of buildings exposed to different landslide intensity scenarios   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Aditi Singh  Shilpa Pal 《Georisk: Assessment and Management of Risk for Engineered Systems and Geohazards》2019,13(1):66-81

Landslides are the most common natural disasters in mountainous regions, being responsible for significant loss of life as well as damage to critical infrastructure and properties. As the world population grows, people tend to move to higher locations to construct buildings, thereby making structures vulnerable due to landslides. This paper discusses previous research on the vulnerability assessment of structures exposed to landslides and presents a modified semi-quantitative approach to assess the scenario-based physical vulnerability of buildings based on their resistance ability and landslide intensity. Resistance ability is determined by integrating expert knowledge-based resistance factors assigned to five primary building parameters. Landslide intensity matrix defining different intensity levels is proposed based on combinations of landslide velocity and volume. Physical vulnerability of buildings is estimated and classified as class I, II or III for scenario-based low to very high landslide intensity. Finally, the application of the model is illustrated with a case study of 71 buildings from Garhwal Himalayas, India.  相似文献   

基于区域农业用水量的干旱重现期计算方法          下载免费PDF全文

张宇亮  蒋尚明  金菊良  吴志勇  周玉良 《水科学进展》2017,28(5):691-701

为研究实际水利条件下农业干旱的发生规律,简化农业干旱事件的评估方法,提出基于区域农业用水量的干旱重现期计算方法。通过构建农业用水量距平百分率干旱指标W_A,在基于降雨量距平百分率干旱指标P_A识别干旱事件的基础上,提取W_A干旱指标下的干旱历时和干旱烈度特征变量,并根据以P_A为干旱指标的干旱烈度频率分布曲线F_S（x）和干旱历时频率分布曲线F_D（x）,运用Copula的简化方法计算基于W_A的干旱事件重现期T,最后结合基于P_A的干旱事件重现期T₀,回归分析出T与T₀间关系的计算公式。选取干旱灾害影响严重的亳州市为实证区域开展应用研究,计算得到1975-2007年各场干旱事件的T₀和T以及T₀与T的经验关系式。结果表明:T比T₀更合理地反映区域农业实际受旱状况,重现期T₀和T间存在高度的相关关系,采用T的回归方程可简化计算考虑区域实际抗旱能力下的干旱事件重现期,在区域防旱减灾实践中具有推广应用价值。  相似文献   

Predicting the effect of biofouling on ship resistance using CFD     

《Applied Ocean Research》2017

This paper proposes a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) based unsteady RANS model which enables the prediction of the effect of marine coatings and biofouling on ship resistance and presents CFD simulations of the roughness effects on the resistance and effective power of the full-scale 3D KRISO Container Ship (KCS) hull.Initially, a roughness function model representing a typical coating and different fouling conditions was developed by using the roughness functions given in the literature. This model then was employed in the wall-function of the CFD software and the effects of a typical as applied coating and different fouling conditions on the frictional resistance of flat plates representing the KCS were predicted for a design speed of 24 knots and a slow steaming speed of 19 knots using the proposed CFD model. The roughness effects of such conditions on the resistance components and effective power of the full-scale 3D KCS model were then predicted at the same speeds. The resulting frictional resistance values of the present study were then compared with each other and with results obtained using the similarity law analysis. The increase in the effective power of the full-scale KCS hull was predicted to be 18.1% for a deteriorated coating or light slime whereas that due to heavy slime was predicted to be 38% at a ship speed of 24 knots. In addition, it was observed that the wave resistance and wave systems are significantly affected by the hull roughness and hence viscosity.  相似文献   

Hg对锦州湾表层沉积物异养细菌代谢酶活性的影响研究     

徐庆彤  刘瑞志  郭小雅  李捷  雷坤  刘庆庆  郝晨林 《海洋科学》2017,41(8):108-115

为了解重金属Hg对锦州湾海域表层沉积物中异养细菌的主要代谢酶的影响,采用Hakanson潜在生态危害指数法对锦州湾表层沉积物中重金属Hg开展潜在生态风险评价,利用平板扩散法测定了9个站位沉积物中异养细菌四种水解酶活性。结果显示:锦州湾海域表层沉积物中重金属污染严重,Hg的含量和潜在生态危害河口最为严重,向外逐步递减,表明本海域表层沉积物中的Hg主要由陆源输入;表层沉积物中异养细菌水解酶活性与抗性异养菌比例均表现为西南部河口区高于东北部外海海域,与重金属Hg的含量分布及Hakanson潜在生态危害指数基本相似,这表明长期高浓度的重金属污染,改变了锦州湾海域表层沉积物中的异养菌的生理代谢过程,在生理或遗传物质上对重金属产生了一定的抗性;磷酸酶、蛋白酶、脂肪酶与沉积物中Hg的含量具有显著正相关性,说明其对重金属Hg较为敏感,在一定程度上可作为反映锦州湾海域沉积物中重金属Hg污染状况的生物学指标。  相似文献   

Experimental Investigation and Numerical Analysis to Develop Low-Energy Large-Midwater Trawls     

Jihoon LEE  Taeho KIM  Chun-Woo LEE  Subong PARK 《海洋工程》2017,(6):700-708

Fuel consumption in fisheries is a primary concern because of its effects on the environment and the costs incurred by fishermen. Many studies have been conducted to reduce the fuel consumption in fishing operations. Fuel consumption due to fishing gear during a fishing operation is generally related to the hydrodynamic resistance on the gear. This means that fuel consumption is proportional to the drag created by the towing speed. Based on numerical methods, this study suggests a new approach to reduce fuel consumption in fisheries. The results of the simulation are in good agreement with those of model experiments. The total as well as partial resistance forces on the gear are calculated by simulation. The simulation results suggest improved materials and gear structure for reducing the hydrodynamic forces on the gear while maintaining gear performance. The method for assessing the gear performance involves measuring the height and width of the net mouth. Furthermore, this study investigates the efficiency of a low-energy trawl from an economic point of view. The findings of this study will be useful in reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in fishing operations, and thereby contribute toward lowering fishing costs by saving fuel.  相似文献   

Field study of set-up effect in open-ended PHC pipe piles     

Hai-Lei Kou  Wei Guo  Ming-Yi Zhang 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2017,35(2):208-215

Large-scale field tests were conducted to study set-up effect in open-ended prestressed high-strength concrete pipe piles jacked into stratified soil. Four open-ended prestressed high-strength concrete pipe piles with 13 and 18 m in embedment depth were fully instrumented with fiber Bragg grating sensors and installed. Several restrike dynamic tests were performed on each test pile, with the time interval from 21.5 to 284 hours after installation. Static loading tests (SLTs) were later performed on each test pile at 408 hours after installation to substantiate the dynamic tests. Changes with time in pile bearing capacity and in the shaft and toe resistances were studied based on the results of the pile tests. The development of shaft resistance set-up in different layers was studied in particular. It was found that set-up effect in the shaft resistance is significant and the toe resistance increment was minor. The overall set-up factor of total bearing capacity was found to range from 0.09 to 0.53, and the set-up effect of friction pile is much larger than the end bearing pile. More significant set-up in shaft resistance was observed in fill and alluvium layer. The dimensionless set-up factor A for shaft resistance in marine deposits ranges from 0.5 to 1.43, and it contributes the most to the shaft resistance as the shaft resistance in marine deposits is higher.  相似文献   

外源NO对野生早熟禾幼苗抗寒性的影响     

陈润娟  雷娅伟  白小明  田彦锋 《中国沙漠》2017,37(6):1171-1179

以野生草地早熟禾（Poa pratensis）和硬质早熟禾（Poa sphondylodes）为材料,通过人工室内模拟低温逆境胁迫,研究外源一氧化氮（NO）供体亚硝基铁氰化钠（硝普钠,SNP）对低温胁迫下野生早熟禾幼苗生长、渗透调节和抗氧化系统的影响,探讨外源NO提高早熟禾抗寒性的生理机制。结果表明,低温胁迫下：0~700 μmol·L^-1浓度范围内,随SNP浓度的增大,两个供试材料的地上生物量和生长速度先增大后减小,相对膜透性、丙二醛（MDA）含量、游离脯氨酸（F-Pro）含量先减小后增大,可溶性糖（SS）和可溶性蛋白（SP）含量先增加后减小,超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性先增强后减弱;高浓度NO产生伤害,低浓度NO则有保护作用;SNP浓度100 μmol·L^-1时,膜脂过氧化水平最低,渗透调节物质积累最多,保护酶活性最强,对低温胁迫的缓解效果最佳。硬质早熟禾对低温胁迫下外源NO的缓解较草地早熟禾敏感。  相似文献